|
|
|
El óxido nítrico: síntesis, neuroprotección y
neurotoxicidad Nitric oxide: synthesis, neuroprotection and neurotoxicity J. Rodrigo 1, D. Alonso 1, A.P. Fernández 1, J. Serrano 1, J.C. López 1, J.M. Encinas 1, P. Fernández Vizarra 1, S. Castro 1, M.A. Peinado 2, J.A. Pedrosa 2, A. Richard 1, Martínez-Murillo 1, M. Santacana 1, M.L. Bentura 1, R., L.O. Uttenthal 1
Departamento
de Neuroanatomía y Biología Celular. Instituto Cajal (CSIC). Madrid. |
|
BIBLIOGRAFÍA 1. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980; 288: 373-376. 2. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 109-142. 3. Faraci FM. Role of nitric oxide in regulation of basilar artery tone in vivo. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: H1216-1221. 4. Faraci FM. Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in cerebral circulation: large arteries vs microcirculation. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: H1038-1042. 5. Faraci FM. Regulation of the cerebral circulation by endothelium. Pharmacol Ther 1992; 56: 1-22. 6. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327: 524-526. 7. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Chaudhuri G. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 9265-9269. 8. Ignarro LJ. Biosyntesis and metabolism of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1990; 30: 535-560. 9. Khan M., Furchgott RF. Additional evidence that endothelium-derived-relaxing factor is nitric oxide. In: Pharmacology. Rand MJ, Raper J (eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam 1987; 341-344. 10. Moncada S, Palmer RJ, Higgs EA. Biosynthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine: a pathway for the regulation of cell function and communication. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38: 1709-1715. 11. Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 255: 1256-1264. 12. Moncada S, Higgs A, Furchgott R. International Union of Pharmacology Nomenclature in Nitric Oxide Research. Pharmacol Rev 1997; 49:137-142. 13. Kobzik L, Reid MB, Bredt DS, Stamler JS. Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Nature 1994; 372: 546-548. 14. Kobzik L, Bredt DS, Lowenstein CJ, Drazen J, Gaston B, Sugarbaker D, Stamler JS. Nitric oxide synthase in human and rat lung: immunocytochemical and histochemical localization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9: 371-377. 15. Dinerman JL, Dawson TM, Schell MJ, Snowman A, Snyder SH. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase localized to hippocampal pyramidal cells: implication for synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 4214-4218. 16. Radomski MW, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 5193-5197. 17. Oswald LP, Eltoum I, Wynn TA, Schwartz B, Caspar P, Paulin D et al. Endothelial cells are activated by cytokine treatment to kill an intravascular parasite, Schistosoma mansini, through the production of nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 999-1003. 18. Monhaupt MG, Elzie JL, Ahn KY, Clapp WL, Wilcox CS, Kone BC. Different expresssion and induction of mRNAs encoding two inducible nitric oxide synthases in rat kidney. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 653-665. 19. Sessa WC, Harrison JK, Luthin DR, Pollock JS, Linch KR. Genomic analysis and expression patterns reveal distinct genes for endothelial and brain nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 1993; 21: 934-938. 20. Giuili G, Luzi A, Poyard M, Guellaen G. Expression of mouse brain soluble guanylyl cyclase and NO synthase during ontogeny. Dev Brain Res 1994; 81: 268-283. 21. Keilhoff G, Seidel B, Noack H, Tischmeyer W, Stanek D, Wolf G . Patterns of nitric oxide synthase at the messenger RNA and protein levels during early rat brain development. Neuroscience 1996; 75: 1193-1201. 22. Northington FJ, Koehler RC, Traystman RJ, Martin LJ. Nitric oxide synthase 1 and nitric oxide synthase 3 protein expression is regionally and temporally regulated in fetal brain. Dev Brain Res 1996; 23. Yan XX, Ribak CE. Prenatal development of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in the human hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 1997; 7: 215-231. 24. Santacana M, Uttenthal LO, Bentura ML, Fernández AP, Serrano J, Martínez de Velasco J Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase during embryonic development of the rat cerebral cortex. Dev Brain Res 1998; 111: 205-222. 25. Rodrigo J, Alonso D, Fernández AP, Bentura ML, Santacana M, Serrano J Postnatal modification of cerebral expression of nitric oxide synthase in rats subjected to intrauterine hypoxia before delivery. En: Nitric Oxide: From Discovery to the Clinic. Moncada S, Lamas S (eds.). Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid 1998; 44. 26. Rodrigo J, Alonso D, Fernández AP, Serrano J, Richart A, López JC et al. Immunohistochemical study of the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase and the formation of nitrotyrosine in rat cerebellum after oxygen and glucose deprivation in the presence and absence of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Brain Res (en prensa) 2000. 27. Nava EM, Salazar FJ, Bentura ML, Uttenthal LO, Fernández AP, Serrano J et al. Intrarenal distribution of constitutive nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In: Nitric Oxide. Moncada S, Higgs EA (eds.) (en prensa) 2000. 28. Uttenthal LO, Alonso D, Fernández AP, Campbell RO, Moro MA, Leza JC et al. Neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in the cerebral cortex of the aging rat. Microsc Res Tech 1998; 43: 75-88. 29. Förstermann U, Schmidt HHHW, Pollock JS, Sheng H, Mitchell JA, Warner TD et al. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42: 1649-1857. 30. Stuehr DJ, Griffith OW. Mammalian nitric oxide synthases. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1992; 65: 287-346. 31. Marletta MA. Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 12231-12234. 32. Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994; 298: 240-255. 33. Morris SM Jr, Billiar TR. New insights into the regulation of inducible nitric oxide symthesis. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: E829-E839. 34. Nathan C, Xie QW. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 13725-13728. 35. Sessa WC. The nitric oxide synthase family of proteins. 36. Myers PR, Minor RL, Guerra R, Bates JN, Harrison DG. Vasorelaxant properties of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor more closely resemble S-nitrosocysteine than nitric oxide. Nature 1990; 345: 161-164. 37. Rodrigo J, Springall D, Uttenthal LO, Bentura ML, Abadia-Molina F, Riveros-Moreno V et al. Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the adult rat brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 1994; 345: 175-221. 38. Rodrigo J, Uttenthal LO, Peinado MA, Esteban FJ, Fernández AP, Serrano J et al. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the esophagus of the cat and monkey. J Auton Nerv Syst 1998; 70: 164-179. 39. Esteban FJ, Pedrosa JA, Jimenez A, del Moral ML, Rodrigo J, Peinado MA. Nitrergic innervation of the cat liver. Neurosci Lett 1998; 243: 45-48. 40. Elphick MR, Green IC, O'Shea M. Nitric oxide synthesis and action in an invertebrate brain. Brain Res 1993; 619: 344-346. 41. Elphick MR, Riveros-MorenoV, Moncada S. Identification of nitrergic neurons in invertebrates. Endothelium 1993; 1 Suppl 57S. 42. Gelperin A. Nitric oxide mediates network oscilations of olfactory interneurons in a terrestrial molusc. Nature 1994; 369: 61-63. 43. Werner-Felmayer G, Golderer G, Werner ER, Grobner P, Wachter H. Pteridine biosynthesis and nitric oxide synthase in Physarum polycephalum. Biochem J 1994; 304: 105-111. 44. Martinez A, Riveros-Moreno V, Polak JM, Moncada S, Sesma P . Nitric oxide (NO) synthase-immunoreactivity in the starfish Marthasterias gracilis. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 275: 599-603. 45. Meyer W. NADPH-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida). Neurosci Lett 1994; 165: 105-108. 46. Regulski M, Tully T. Molecular and biochemical characterization of dNOS: a Drosophila Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9072-9076. 47. Liu G, Gross SS. Binding sites of nitric oxide synthases. Methods Enzymol 1996 268: 311-324. 48. Kishimoto J, Spurr N, Liao M, Lizhi L, Emson P, Xu W. Localization of brain nitric oxide synthase (NOS) to human chromosome 12. Genomics 1992; 14: 802-804. 49. Xu W, Gorman P, Sheer D, Bates G, Kishimoto J, Liu L Regional localization of the gene coding for human brain nitric oxide synthase (NOS 1) to 12q24.2-24.31 by fluorescent in situ hibridization. Cytogene Cell Genet 1993; 64: 62-63. 50. Xu W, Charles IG, Moncada S, Gorman P, Sheer D, Liu L Mapping of the genes encoding human inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS2 and NOS3) to the pericentric region of chromosome 17 and to chromosome 7, respectively. Genomics 1994; 21: 419-422. 51. Salter M, Knowles RG, Moncada S. Widespread tissue distribution, species distribution and changes in activity of Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent nitric oxide synthases. FEBS Lett 1991; 291: 145-149. 52. Mitchell JA, Förstermann U, Warner TD, Pollock JS, Schmidt HHHW, Heller M, Murad F. Endothelial cells have a particulate enzyme system resposible for EDRF formation: measurement by vascular relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 176: 1417-1423. 53. Pollock JS, Förstermann U, Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Schmidt HHHW, Nakane M et al. Purification and characterization of particulate endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase from cultured and native bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10480-10484. 54. Griffith OW, Stuerh DJ. Nitric oxide synthases: properties and catalytic mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 1995; 57: 707-736. 55. Busconi L, Mitchell T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: N-terminal myristoylation determines subcellular localization. J Biol Chem 1993; 269: 8410-8413. 56. Springall DR, Riveros-Moreno V, Buttery L, Suburo A, Bishop AE, Merret M. et al. Immunological detection of nitric oxide syntase(s) in human tissues using heterologous antibodies suggesting different isoforms. Histochemistry 1992; 98: 259-266. 57. Förstermann U, Gorsky LD, Pollock JS, Schmidt HHHW, Heller M, Murad F. Regional distribution of EDRF-NO synthesizing enzyme(s) in the rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 168: 727-732. 58. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthase: a calmodulin requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 682-685. 59. Knowles RG, Palacios M, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Characteristics of nitric oxide synthase from rat brain. Biochem J 1990; 269: 207-210. 60. Bredt DS, Huang PM, Glatt CE, Lowenstein C, Reed RR, Snyder SH. Cloned and expressed nitric oxide sybnthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450. Nature 1991; 351: 714-718. 61. Nakane M, Schmidt HHHW, Pollock JS, Förstermann U, Murad F. Cloned human brain nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed in skeletal muscle. FEBS Lett 1993; 316: 175-180. 62. Schmidt HHHW, Murad F. Purification and characterization of a human NO synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 1372- 1377. 63. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate-linked enhancement of cGMP levels in the cerebellum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 9030-9033. 64. Garthwaite J. Glutamate, nitric oxide and cell-cell signaling in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 1991; 14: 60-67. 65. Nakane M, Mitchell J, Förstermann U, Murad F. Phosphorylation by calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 180: 1396-1402. 66. Giovanelli J, Campos KL, Kuliman S. Tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase, does not function as a reactant in the oxygenation of arginine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7071-7093. 67. Hevel JM, White KA Marletta MA. Purification of the inducible murine macrophage nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 22789-22791. 68. Yui Y, Hattori R, Kosuga K, Eizawa H, Hiki K, Kawai C. Purification of nitric oxide synthase from rat macrophages. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 12544-12547. 69. Lyons CR, Orloff GJ, Cunningham JM. Molecular cloning and functional expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a murine macrophage cell line. J Bio Chem 1992; 267: 6370-6374. 70. Chen LY, Mehta JL. Further evidence of the presence of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human platelets. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996; 27: 154-158. 71. Wright CD, Mülsch A, Busse R, Oswald H. Generation of nitric oxide by human neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 160: 813-819. 72. Riveros-Moreno V, Palacios M, Rodrigo J, Martinez-Murillo R, Moncada S. Characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human monocytes/macrophages after ligation of the CD23 receptor. En: The Biology of Nitric Oxide, Part 5. Moncada S, Stamler J, Gross S, Higgs EA (eds.). Portland Press, London 1996; pp. 160. 73. Moro MA, De Alba J, Leza JC, Lorenzo P, Fernández AP, Bentura ML et al. Neuronal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase after oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat forebrain slices. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10: 445-456. 74. Olivenza R, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Lorenzo P, Fernandez AP, Rodrigo J et al. Chronic stress induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain cortex. J Neurochem 2000; 74: 785-791. 75. Xie Q-W, Cho HJ, Calaycay J, Mumford RA, Swiderek KM, Lee TD et al. Cloning and charaterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages. Science 1992; 256: 225-228. 76. Lowenstein DJ, Alley LW, Raval P, Snowman AM, Snyder SH, Russell SW et al. Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon and lipopolysaccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 9730-9734. 77. Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Wang SC et al. Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 3491-3495. 78. Mülsch A, Bassenge E, Busse R. Nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cytosol: evidence for a calcium-dependent and a calcium-independent mechanism. Arch Pharmacol 1989; 340: 767-770. 79. Gross BB, Jaffe EA, Levi R, Kilbourn RG. Cytokine activated endothelial cells express an isotype of nitric oxide synthase which is tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent, calmodulin-independent and inhibited by arginine analogs with a rank-order of potency characteristic of activated macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 170: 823-829. 80. Busse R, Mülsch A. Induction of nitric oxide synthase by citokines in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett 1995; 275: 87-90. 81. De Vente J, Hopkins DA, van Ittersum MM, Emson PC, Schmidt HHHW, Steinbusch HWM. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide-receptive cyclic GMP-producing structures in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1998; 87: 207-241. 82. Regidor J, Poch L. Histochemical analysis of the lizard cortex: an acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase and NADPH-diaphorase study. En: The Forebrain of Reptiles. Schwerdtfeger WK, Smeets WJAJ (eds.). Karger, Basel 1987; pp. 77-84. 83. Hope BT, Michael GJ, Knigge KM, Vincent SR. Neuronal NADPH-diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 2811-2814. 84. Hope BT, Vincent SR. Histochemical characterization of neuronal NADPH-diaphorase. J Histochem Cytochem 1994; 37: 653-661. 85. Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Fotuhi M, Huang PM, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH-diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 7797-7801. 86. Vincent SR, Kimura H. Histochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1992; 46: 755-784. 87. Burning G. Localization of NADPH-diaphorase in the brain of the chicken. J Comp Neurol 1993; 334: 192-208. 88. Matsumoto T, Nakane M, Pollock JS, Förstermann U. A correlation between soluble brain nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase activity is only seen after exposure of the tissue to fixative. Neurosci Lett 1995; 155: 61-64. 89. Buwalda B, Nyakas C, Gast J, Luitten PGM, Schmidt HHHW. Aldehyde fixation differentially affects distribution of diaphorase activity but not nitric oxide immunoreactivity in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 1995; 39: 467-473. 90. Terenghi G, Riveros-Moreno V, Hudson LD, Ibrahim NBN, Polak JM. Immunohistochemistry of nitric oxide synthase demonstrates immunoreactive neurons in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of man and rat. J Neurol Sci 1993; 118: 34-37. 91. Sobreviela T, Mufson EJ. Reduced nicotinamide adeninine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase/nitric oxide synthase profiles in the human hippocampal formation and perirhinal cortex. J Comp Neurol 1996; 358: 440-464. 92. Rodrigo J, Riveros-Moreno V, Bentura ML, Uttenthal LO, Higgs EA, Fernández AP et al. Subcellular localization of nitric oxide synthase in the cerebral ventricular system, subfornical organ, area postrema and blood vessels of the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1997; 378: 522-534. 93. Satoh K, Aral R, Ikemoto K, Narita M, Nagai T, Ohshima M et al. Distribution of nitric oxide syntahse in the central nervous system of Macaca fuscata: subcortical regions. Neuroscience 1995; 66: 685-696. 94. Gold ME, Wood KS, Buga GM, Byrns RE, Ignarro LJ. L-arginine causes whereas L-argininosuccinic acid inhibits endothelium-dependent vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 536-543. 95. Arroyo CM, Forray C, El Fakahany EE, Rosen GM. Receptor-mediated generation of an EDRF-like intermediate in a neuronal cell line detected by spin trapping techniques. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170: 1177-1183. 96. Williams DLH. S-nitrosation and the reactions of S-nitroso compounds. Chem Soc Rev 1985; 14: 171-196. 97. Kukreja RC, Wei EP, Kontos HA, Bates JN. Nitric oxide and S-nitroso-cysteine as endothelium-derived relaxing factors from acetylcholine in cerebral vessels in cats. Stroke 1993; 24: 2010-2015. 98. Vanin AF. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor is a nitrosyl-iron complex with thiol ligands. FEBS Lett 1991; 289: 1-3. 99. Kowaluk EA, Fung HL. Spontaneous liberation of nitric oxide cannot account for in vivo vascular relaxation by S-nitrothiols. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 255: 1256-1264. 100. Manzoni O, Prezeau L, Marin P, Deshanger S, Bockaer J, Pagy L. Nitric oxide-induced blockade of NMDA receptors. Neuron 1992; 8: 375-397. 101. Hibbs JB Jr, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z. Macrophage cytotoxocity: role for L-arginine deiminase and imino nitrogen oxidation to nitrite. Science 1987; 235: 473-476. 102. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver J, Moncada S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1992; 339: 572-575. 103. Lambert LE, French JF, Whitten JP, Baron BM, McDonald IA. Characterization of cell selectivity of two novel inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 216: 131-134. 104. Knowles RG, Palacios M, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine in the central nervous system: an induction mechanism for stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 89: 5159-5162. 105. Gross SS, Stuehr DJ, Aisaka K, Jaffe EA, Levi R, Griffith OW. Macrophage and endothelial nitric oxide synthesis: cell type selective inhibition by NG-aminoarginine, NG-nitroarginine and NG-methyl-arginine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 170: 96-103. 106. Fukutto JM, Wood KS, Byrns RE, Ignarro LJ. NG-amino-L-arginine: a new potent antagonist of L-arginine-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 168: 458-465. 107. McCall TS, Feelisch M, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Identification of N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine as an irreversible inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase in phagocyte cells. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 234-238. 108. Moore PK, Al-Swayeh OA, Chong NSW, Evans R, Gibson A. L-NG-nitro-arginine, a novel L-arginine-reversible inhibitor of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 99: 408-412. 109. Handy RLC, Moore PHK. A comparison of the effects of L-NAME, 7-NI and L-NIL on carrageenan-induced hindpaw oedema and NOS activity. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 1119-1126. 110. Feldman PL, Griffith OW, Hong H, Stuerh DJ. Irreversible inactivation of macrophage and brain nitric oxide synthase by L-NG-methylarginine requires NADPH-dependent hydroxylation. J Med Chem 1993; 36: 491-496. 111. Garvey EP, Oplinger JA, Tanoury GJ, Sherman PA, Rowler M, Marshall S, Harmon MF, Paith JE, Furfine ES. Potent and selective inhibition of human nitric oxide synthases: inhibition by non-amino acid isothioureas. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26669-26676. 112. Stuehr DJ, Fasehun OA, Kwon NS, Gross SS, Gonzales JA, Levi R et al. Inhibition of macrophage and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase by diphenyleneiodonium and its analogs. FASEB J 1991; 5: 98-103. 113. Griscavage JM, Rogers NE, Sherman MP, Ignarro LJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase from a rat alveolar macrophage cell line is inhibited by nitric oxide. J Immnunol 1993; 151: 6329-6337. 114. Jiang MH, Katu T, Hada J, Hayashi Y. 7-Nitroindazole reduces nitric oxide concentration in rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 380: 117-121. 115. Chalimoniuk M, Strosznajder J. NMDR receptor-dependent nitric oxide and cGMP synthesis in brain hemisphere and cerebellum during reperfusion after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils: effect of 7-nitroindazole. J Neuroci Res 1998; 54: 681-690. 116. Lei D, Adachi N, Nagaro T, Arai T. Nitric oxide production in the CA1 field of the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Effects of 7-nitroindazoles and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Stroke 1999; 30: 669-677. 117. Cho S, Volpe BT, Hwang O, Choi HJ, Park LC, Chu CK et al. Blockade of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis protects neurons after transient forebrain ischemia in rat: a novel role for the cofactor. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 878-889. 118. Yrjanheikki J, Keinanen R, Pellikka M, Hökfelt T, Koistinaho J. Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 15769-15774. 119. Lizasoain I, Knowles RG, Moncada S Inhibition by lamotrigine of the generation of nitric oxide in rat forebrain slices. J Neuropharm 1995; 64: 636-642. 120. Murad F, Ishi K, Förstermann U, Gorsky L, Kervin JF Jr, Pollock J et al. EDRF is an intracellular second messenger and autacoid to regulate cyclic GMP synthesis in many cells. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 1990; 24: 441-445. 121. Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium and control of vascular function. Hypertension 1989; 13: 658-667. 122. Furchgott RF. Studies on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and the endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Acta Physiol Scand 1990; 139: 257-270. 123. Luscher TF. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide: the endogeneous nitrosodilator in the human cardiovascular system. Eur Heart J 1991; 12: E2-E11. 124. Malinski T, Taha Z, Grunfeld S, Patton S, Kapturczak M, Tomboulian F. Diffusion of nitric oxide in the aorta wall monitored in situ by peroxynitrite microsensors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 193: 1076-1082. 125. Shaw AW, Vosper AJ. Solubility of nitric oxide in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1977; 8: 1239-1244. 126. Lancaster JR Jr. Stimulation of the diffusion and reaction of endogeneously produced nitric oxide. Implications for neural nitric oxide signaling and its pharmacological properties. Neuropharmacology 1994; 33: 1235-1244. 127. Ridd JH. Nitrosation, diazotisation and diamination. Q Rev 1961; 15: 418-441. 128. Wink DA, Darbyshire JF, Nims RW, Saavedra JE, Ford PC. Reactions of the bioregulatory agent nitric oxide in oxygenated aqueous media: determination of the kinetics for oxidation and nitrosation by intermediates generated in the NO/O2 reaction. Chem Res Toxicol 1993; 6: 23-27. 129. Miwa M, Stuehr DJ, Marletta MA, Wishnok JR, Tannenbaum SR. Nitrosation of amines by stimuled macrophages. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 955-958. 130. Ohshima H, Bartsch H. Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. Mutant Res 1994; 305: 253-264. 131. Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, Chen J, Tsai M, Martin JC, Smith CD, Beckman JS. Peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration catalyzed by superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298: 431-437. 132. Beckman JS, Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, van der Woerd M, Smith C, Chen J et al. Kinetics of superoxide dismutase and iron-catalyzed nitration of phenolics by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298: 438-445. 133. Pryor WA, Squadrito GL. The chemistry of peroxynitrite: a product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Am J Physiol 1995;268: L699-L722. 134. Zhu L, Gunn C, Beckman JS. Bactericidal activity of peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298: 452-457. 135. Crow JP, Spruell C, Chen J, Gunn C, Ischiropoulos H, Tsai M et al. On the pH-dependent yield of hydroxyl radical products from peroxynitrite. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 14: 331-338. 136. Rubbo H, Radi R, Trujillo R, Ralysnaraman B, Barnes S, Kirk M et al. Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidation. Formation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 26066-26075. 137. McCleverty JA. Reactions of nitric oxide coordinated to transition metals. Chem Rev 1979; 79: 53-76. 138. Henry Y, Lepoivre M, Drapier JC, Ducrocq C, Boucher JL, Guissani A. EPR characterization of molecular target for NO in mammalian cells and organelles. FASEB J 1993; 7: 1224-1234. 139. Kerwin JF Jr, Lancaster JR, Feldman PL. Nitric oxide: a new paradigm for second messengers. J Med Chem 1996; 38: 4343-4463. 140. Wu W, Gorman P, Sheer D, Bates G, Kishimoto J, Liu L et al. An L-arginine-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system exists in the uterus and inhibits contractility during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 170: 175-185. 141. Cuellar B, Fernandez AP, Lizasoain I, Moro MA, Lorenzo P, Bentura ML et al. Up-regulation of neuronal NO synthase immunoreactivity in opiate dependence and withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 2000; 148: 66-73. 142. Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 1992; 6: 3051-3064. 143. Díaz De Rada O, Villaro AC, Montuenga LM, Martinez A, Springall DR, Polak JM. Nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons in human and porcine respiratory tract. Neurosci Lett 1993; 162:121-134. 144. Cellek S, Rodrigo J, Lobos E, Fernandez AP, Serrano J, Moncada S. Selective nitrergic neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus - a nitric oxide-dependent phenomenon. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128: 1804-1812. 145. Jarvinen MK, Wollmann WJ, Powrozek TA, Schultz JA, Powley TL. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the myenteric plexus of the rat gastrointestinal tract: distribution and regional density. Anat Embryol 1999; 199: 99-112. 146. Ignarro LJ, Gold ME, Buga GM, Byrns RE, Wood KS, Chaudhuri G et al. Basic polyamino acids rich in arginine, lysine, or ornithine cause both enhancement of and refractoriness to formation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in pulmonary artery and vein. Circ Res 1989; 64: 315-329. 147. Tzeng TB, Fung HL. Pharmacodynamic modeling of the in vitro vasodilating effects of organic mononitrates. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1992; 20: 227-251. 148. Vanderkooi JM, Wright WW, Erecinska M. Nitric oxide diffusion coefficients in solutions, proteins and membranes determined by phosphorescence. Biochem Biophys Acta 1994; 1207: 249-254. 149. Price RH Jr, Mayer B, Beitz AJ. Nitric oxide synthase neurons in rat brain express more NMDA receptor mRNA than non-NOS neurons. Neuroreport 1993; 4: 807-810. 150. Shintani F, Kanba S, Nakaki T. Measurement by in vivo brain microdialysis of nitric oxide release in the rat cerebellum. J Psychiat Neurosci 1994; 19: 217-221. 151. Smith SS, Li J. Novel action of nitric oxide as mediator of N-methyl-D-aspartate phosphatidyl-inositol hydrolysis in neonatal rat cerebellum. Biol Pharmacol 1993; 43: 1-5. 152. Hibbs JB Jr, Taintor RR, Vavrin Z, Rachlin EM. Nitric oxide: a cytotoxic activated macrophage effector molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 157: 87-94. 153. Garg UC, Devi L, Turndorf H, Goldfrank LR, Bansinath M. Effect of nitric oxide on mitogenesis and proliferation of cerebellar glial cells. Brain Res 1992; 592: 208-212. 154. Bolaños JP, Peuchen S, Heales SJ, Land JM, Clark JB. Nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem 1994; 63: 905-910. 155. Irihura K, Maynard KL, Lee WS, Moskowitz NA. L-NNA decreases cortical hyperemia and brain cGMP levels following CO2 inhalation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol 1994; 257: H837-H843. 156. Wood PL, Choksi S, Bocchini V. Inducible microglial nitric oxide synthase: a large membrane pool. Neuroreport 1994; 5: 977-980. 157. Schuman EM, Madison DV. A requirement for the intercellular messenger nitric oxide in long-term potentiation. Science 1991; 254: 1503-1506. 158. Holscher C, Rose SP. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases prevents memory formation in the chick. Neurosci Lett 1992; 145: 165-167. 159. O'Dell TJ, Huang PL, Dawson TM. Endothelial NOS and the blokade of LTP by NOS inhibitors in mice lacking neuronal NOS. Science 1994; 265: 542-546. 160. Bohme GA, Bon C, Lamaire M. Altered synaptic plasticity and memory formation in nitric oxide synthase inhibitor-treated rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 9191-9194. 161. Estail LB, Grant SJ, Cicala GA. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production selectively impairs learning and memory in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 46: 959-962. 162. Paakkari I, Lindsberg P. Nitric oxide in the central nervous system. Ann Med 1995; 27: 369-377. 163. Vaid RR, Yee BK, Shalev U, Rawlins JN, Weiner I, Feldon J et al. Neonatal nonhandling and in utero prenatal stress reduce the density of NADPH-diaphorase-reactive neurons in the fascia dentata and Ammon's horn of rats. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 5599-5609. 164. Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide: actions and pathological roles. Neuroscientist 1994; 99: 9-20. 165. Duke RC, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Cell suicide in health and disease. Sci Am 1996; 275: 80-87. 166. Szabó C. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of nitric oxide in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 1996; 41: 131-141. 167. Yun HY, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Nitric oxide in health and disease of the nervous system. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 300-310. 168. Parkinson JF, Mitrovic B, Merrill JE. The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis. J Mol Med 1997; 75: 174-186. 169. Norris PJ, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Love DR, Emson PC. Decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA and somatostatin messenger RNA in the striatum of Huntington's disease. Neuroscience 1996; 4: 1037-1047. 170. Smith MA, Vasak M, Knipp M, Castellani RJ, Perry G. Dimethylargininase, a nitric oxide protein, in Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25: 898-902. 171. Yew DT, Wong HW, Li WP, Lai HW, Yu WH. Nitric oxide synthase in different areas of normal aged and Alzheimer's brains. Neuroscience 1999; 89: 675-686. 172. Hortelano S, Dallaporta B, Zamzami N, Hirsch T,
Susin SA et al.
Nitric oxide induces apoptosis via triggering mitochondrial permeability
transition. FEBS Lett 1997; 410: 373-377. 173. Jenner
P. Oxidative mechanims in nigral cell death in
Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1998; 1: 24-34. 174. Wong
NK, Strong MJ. Nitric oxide synthase expression in
cervical spinal cord in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Cell Biol
1998; 77: 338-343. 175. Good PF, Hsu A, Werner P, Perl DP, Olanow CW. Protein nitration in
Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57: 338-342. 176. Strong
MJ, Sopper, MM, Crow, JP, Strong WL, Beckman JS.
Nitration of the low molecular weight neurofilament is equivalent in sporadic
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and control cervical spinal cord. Biochem Biophys
Res Commun 1998; 248: 157-164. 177. Strong
MJ. Neurofilament metabolism in sporadic amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999; 169: 170-177. 178. Bagasra O, Michaelis FH, Zheng YM, Bobroski LE,
Spistin SV, Fu ZF et
al. Activation of the inducible
form of nitric oxide synthase in the brains of patients with multiple
sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 12041-12045. 179. Sherman
MP, Griscavage JM, Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide-mediated
neuronal injury in multiple sclerosis. Med Hypothesis 1992; 39: 143-146. 180. Huang
PL, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Snyder SH, Fishman MC.
Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene. Cell 1993; 75:
1273-1286. 181. Esteban
FJ, Jimenez A, Barroso JB, Pedrosa JA, del Moral ML, Rodrigo J et al. The innervation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis) liver proteingene product 9.5 and neuronal
nitriv oxide synthase immunoreactivities. J Anat 1998; 193: 241-249. 182. Balligand
JL, Kelly BA, Marsden PA, Smith TW, Michel T. Control
of cardiac muscle cell function by an endogeneous nitric oxide signaling system.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 347-351. 183. Wörl
J, Mayer B, Neuhuber WL. Nitrergic innervation of the
rat esophagus: focus on motor end plates. J Auton Nerv Syst 1994; 45: 78-84. 184. Burnstock
G. Co-tranmission. The fifth Heymans Memorial Lecture.
Arch Int Pharmacol Ther 1990; 304: 7-33. 185. Burnet
AL. Nitric oxide in the penis: physiology and
pathology. J Urol 1997; 157: 320-324. 186. Way KJ, Young HM, Reid JJ. Diabetes does not alter the activity and
localization of nitric oxide synthase in the rat anococcygeous muscle. J Auton
Nerv Syst 1999; 76: 39-44. 187. Li H,
Förstermann U. Nitric oxide in pathogenesis of vascular
disease. J Pathol 2000; 190: 244-254. 188. Sancesario G, Iannone M, Morello M, Nistico G,
Bernardi G. Nitric
oxide inhibition aggravates ischemic damage of hippocampal but not of NADPH
neurons in gerbils. Stroke 1994; 25: 436-444. 189. Garthwaite G, Garthwaite J. Cyclic GMP and cell death in
rat cerebellar slices. Neuroscience 1988; 26: 321-326. 190. Faraci FM, Brian JE. Nitric oxide and cerebral circulation. Stroke
1994; 25: 692-703. 191. Zhang J, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide in the nervous system. Annu Rev
Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 35: 213-233. 192. Hogg N, Kalyanaraman B, Joseph J, Struck A,
Parthasarathy S.
Inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation by nitric oxide. FEBS Lett
1993; 334: 170-174. 193. Wink DA, Hanbauer I, Krishna MC, Degraff W, Gamson
J, Mitchell JB.
Nitric oxide protects against cellular damage and cytotoxicity from reactive
oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 90: 9813-9817. 194. Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Zaloga C, Pollock JS, Förstermann
U. Cerebral
endothelial nitric oxide synthase after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke
1993; 24: 2016-2022. 195. Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Nitric oxide neurotoxicity. J Chem Neuroanat
1996; 10: 179-190. 196. Zhang X, Verge V, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Ju G, Bredt
D, Snyder SH.
Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity in lumbar dorsal root ganglia and
spinal cord of rat and monkey and effect of peripheral axotomy. J Comp Neurol
1993; 335: 563-575. 197. Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Gautam S, Zaloga C, Zhang RL,
Schmidt HHHW Upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide
synthase and mRNA and selective sparing of nitric oxide synthase-containing
neurons after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1994; 654: 85-95. 198. Izumi Y, Benz AM, Clifford DB, Zorumski CF. Nitric oxide inhibitors
attenuate N-methyl-D-aspartate excitotoxicity in rat hippocampal slices.
Neurosci Lett 1992; 135: 227-230. 199. Hawkins RD, Zhuo M, Arancio O. Nitric oxide and carbon
monoxide as possible retrograde messengers in hippocampal long-term
potentiation. J Neurobiol 1994; 25: 652-665. 200. Arancio O, Kiebler M, Lee CJ, Lev-Ram V, Tsien RY,
Kandel ER et al.
Nitric oxide acts directly in the presynaptic neuron to produce long-term
potentiation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Cell 1996; 87: 1025-1035. 201. Boxal AR, Garthwaite J. Long-term depression in rat cerebellum
requires both NO synthase and NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase. Eur J Neurosci
1996; 8: 2209-2212. 202. Gross SS, Wolin MS. Nitric oxide: pathophysiological mechanisms.
Annu Rev Physiol 1995; 57: 737-769. 203. Lipton SA, Choi YB, Pan ZH, Lei SZ, Chen HS, Sucher
NJ et al . A redox-based mechanism for the
neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related
nitroso-compounds. Nature 1993; 364: 626-632. 204. Beckman JS. Oxidative damage and tyrosine nitration from
peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9: 836-844. 205. Olney JW, Labruyere J, Wang G, Wozniak DF, Price MT,
Sessa MA. NMDA
antagonist neurotoxicity: mechanism and prevention. Science 1991; 254:
1515-1518. 206. Nowicki JP, Duval D, Poignet H, Scatton B. Nitric oxide mediates neuronal
death after focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 204:
339-340. 207. Kiedrowski L, Costa E, Wroblewski JT. Glutamate receptor agonists
stimulate nitric oxide synthase in primary cultures of cerebellar granule
cells. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 535-541. 208. Szabó
C. The pathophysiological role of peroxynitrite in
shock, inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 1996; 6: 74-88. 209. Strijbos
PJLM. Nitric oxide in cerebral ischemic neurodegeneration
and excitotoxicity. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1993; 12: 223-243. 210. Fosman
LJ, Liu P, Nagele RG, Yin K, Wong PY-K. Augmentation of
nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxinitrite production during cerebral ischemia
and reperfusion in the rat. Neurochem Res 1998; 23: 141-148. 211. Martin
LJ, Al-Abdulla NA, Brambrink AM, Kirsch JR, Sieber FE, Portera-Calliau C. Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia and
target deprivation: a perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and
necrosis. Brain Res Bull 1998; 46: 281-309. 212. Colton CA, Gilbert DL. Production of superoxide anions by a CNS
macrophage, the microglia. FEBS Lett 1987; 341: 65-68. 213. Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species and the central
nervous system. J Neurochem 1992; 59: 1609-1623. 214. Allen
SP, Stone D . Mitochodrial function in
ischemia/reperfusion in the heart. En: Mitochondria, DNA, Proteins and Disease.
Darley-Usmar VM, Schapiro AHV (eds). Portland Press, London 1994; pp. 143-155. 215. Moro MA, Darley-Usmar V, Goodwin DA, Read NG,
Zamora-Pino R, Felisch M et al. Paradoxical fate and biological action of peroxynitrite on
human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 6702-6706. 216. Villa LM, Salas E, Darley-Usmar VM, Radomski MW,
Moncada S.
Peroxynitrite induces both vasodilatation and impaired vascular relaxation in
the isolated perfused rat heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 12383-12387. 217. Lizasoain I. NO and brain ischaemia. En: Nitric Oxide:
From Discovery to the Clinic. Moncada S, Lamas S (eds.). Instituto Juan March
de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid 1998; 70. 218. Lizasoain I, Moro MA, Knowles RG, Darley-Usmar V,
Moncada S. Nitric
oxide and peroxynitrite exert distinct effects on respiration by brain
mitochondria which are differentially blocked by glutathione or glucose.
Biochem J 1996; 314: 877-880. 219. Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Knowles NG, Darley-Usmar V,
Moncada S. Distinct
effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on brain mitochondria. Fourth
International Meeting; Biology of Nitric Oxide. Amelia Island, Florida (USA)
1995. 220. Moro MA, Darley-Usmar VM, Brown A, Radomski MW,
Moncada S . The
effects of peroxynitrite on human platelets. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 114: 125P. 221. Beckman JS, Chen J, Crow JP, Ye YZ. Reactions of nitric oxide,
superoxide and peroxynitrite withsuperoxide dismutase in neurodegeneration.
Prog Brain Res 1994; 103: 371-380. 222. Eiserich JP, Hristova M, Cross CE, Jones AD, Freeman
BA, Halliwell B et
al. Vliet A. Formation of nitric
oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature
1998; 391: 393-397. 223. Castro L, Rodríguez M, Radi R. Aconitase is readily
inactivated by peroxynitrite, but not by nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:
29409-29415. 224. Berlett BS, Firgnet B, Yim MB, Chock PB, Stadtman
ER.
Peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of tyrosine residues in Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase mimics adenylylation:
relevance to signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 1776-1780. 225. Gow AJ, Duran D, Malcolm S, Ischiropoulos H. Effects of
peroxynitrite-induced protein modifications on tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation.
FEBS Lett 1996; 385: 63-66. 226. Martin BL, Wu D, Jakes S, Graves DJ. Chemical influences on the
specificity of tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 7108-7111. 227. Kong SK, Yim MB, Stadtman ER, Chock PB . Peroxynitrite disables the
tyrosine phosphorylation regulatory mechanism: lymphocyte-specific
tyrosine kinase fails to phosphorylate nitrated cdc2(6-20)NH2
peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 3377-3382. 228. Kamisaki
Y, Wada K, Brian K, Banabanli B, Davis K, Martin E et
al. An activity in rat tissues
that modifies nitrotyrosine-containing proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;
95: 11584-11589. 229. Vastag M, Skopal J, Kramer J, Kolev K, Voko Z,
Csonka E et al. Endothelial cells cultured from human
brain microvessels produce complement proteins factor H, factor B, C1
inhibitor, and C4. Immunobiology 1998; 199: 5-13. 230. Heideman M. The role of complement in trauma. Acta Chir
Scand Suppl 1985; 523: 233-244. 231. Morgan BP, Gasque P, Singhran SK, Piddlesden SJ. Role of complement in
inflammation and injury in the nervous system. Exp Clin Immunogen 1997; 14:
19-23. 232. Makrides SC. Therapeutic inhibition of the complement
system. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 59-87. 233. Huang J, Kim LJ, Mealey R, Marsh HC Jr, Zhang Y,
Tenner AJ et al.
Neuronal protection in stroke by an sLex-glycosylated complement
inhibitory protein. 234. Sriramarao P, Di Scipio RG. Deposition of complement C3 and
factor H in tissue traumatized by burn injury. Neuropharmacology 1999; 42:
195-202. 235. Yasojima K, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Complement regulators C1
inhibitor and CD59 do not significantly inhibit complement activation in
Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 1999; 833: 297-301. 236. Collard CD, Agah A, Stahl GL. Complement activation following
reoxygenation of hypoxic human endothelial cells: role of intracellular
reactive oxygen species, NF-kappaβ and new protein synthesis.
Immunopharmacology 1998; 39: 39-50. 237. Collard CD, Agah A, Reenstra W, Buras J, Stahl GL. Endothelial nuclear
factor-kappa β translocation and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
induction by complement: inhibition with antihuman C5 therapy or cGMP
analogues. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 2623-2629. 238. Vakeva A, Meri S. Complement activation and regulator
expression after anoxic injury of human endothelial cells. APMIS 1998; 106:
1149-1156. 239. Lindsberg PJ, Ohman J, Lehto T, Lindsberg ML, Paetau
A, Wuoriman T et
al. Complement activation in the central nervous system following blood-brain
barrier damage in man. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 587-596. 240. Mollnes TE, Fosse E. The complement system in trauma-related and
ischemic tissue damage: a brief review. Shock 1994; 2: 301-310. 241. Iadecola C, Zhang F, Casey R, Nagayama M, Ross ME. Delayed reduction of ischemic
brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric
oxide synthase gene. J Neurochem 1997; 17: 9157-9164. 242. McCann
SM. The nitric oxide hypothesis of brain aging. Exp
Gerontol 1997; 32: 431-440. 243. Warner HR. Aging and regulation of apoptosis. Curr Top
Cell Regul 1997; 35: 107-121. 244. Peinado MA. Histology and histochemistry of the aging
cerebral cortex: an overview. Microsc Res Tech 1998; 43: 1-7. 245. Nagley
P, Wei YH . Ageing and mammalian mitochondrial genetics.
Trends Genet 1998; 14: 513-517. 246. Jazwinski SM . Genetics of longevity. Exp Gerontol 1998;
33: 773-783. 247. Rose MR . Can human aging be postponed? Sci Am 1999; 281: 106-111. 248. Castillo J, Davalos A, Noya M. Progression of ischaemic stroke
and excitotoxic aminoacids. Lancet 1997; 349: 79-83. 249. McCann SM, Licinio J, Wong ML, Yu WH, Karanth S,
Rettorri V. The
nitric oxide hypothesis of aging. Exp. Gerontol 1998; 33: 813-826. 250. Knight JA. Reactive oxygen species and the
neurodegenerative disorders. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1997; 27: 1-25. 251. Braeckman BP, Houthoofd K, De Vrees A, Vanfleteren
JR. Apparent
uncoupling of energy reduction and consumption in long-lived cell mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 1999;
9: 493-496. 252. Floyd RA, Carney JM. Free radical damage to protein and DNA:
mechanisms involved and relevant observations on brain undergoing oxidative
stress. Ann Neurol 1992; 32 Suppl: 22-27. 253. Feldmann G. Apoptosis or programmed cell death. Ann
Pathol 1995; 15: 92-109. 254. Wei YH. Mitochondrial DNA mutations and oxidative damage in aging and
diseases: an emerging paradigm of gerontology and medicine. Proc Natl Sci Counc
Repub China B 1998; 22: 55-67. 255. Wei YH. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA mutations in human aging. Proc
Soc Exp Biol Med 1998; 217: 53-56. 256. Braeckman BP, Vanfleteren JR. Stress-inducible mechanisms of
life-span extension in yeast, eubacteria and metazoas. Trends Microbiol 1999;
7: 270-271. 257. Ly DH, Lockhart DJ, Lerner RA, Schultz PG . Mitotic misregulation and
human aging. Science 2000; 287: 2486-2492. 258. Herce-Pagliai C, Kotecha S, Shuker DE. Analytical methods for
3-nitrotyrosine as a marker of exposure to reactive nitrogen species: a review.
Nitric Oxide 1998; 2: 324-336. 259. Hogg N. Free radicals. Sem Reprod Endocrinol 1998; 16: 24124-24128. 260. Siesjö BK, Hu B, Kristian T. Is the cell death pathway
triggered by the mitochondrion or the endoplasmic reticulum? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 19-26. 261. Yu
BP. Cellular defenses against damage from reactive
oxygen species. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 139-162. 262. Rose MR. Genetics of aging in Drosophila.
Exp Gerontol 1999; 5: 577-585. 263. Vanfleteren
JR, Braeckman BP. Mechanisms of life span determination
in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurobiol
Aging 1999; 20: 487-502. 264. Liu CS, Wu HM, Kao SH, Wei YH. Serum trace elements,
glutathione, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation in
epileptic patients with phenytoin or carbamazepine monotherapy. Clin Neuropharm
1998; 21: 62-64. 265. Culota
MG, Koshland ED Jr. No news is good news. Science 1992;
258: 1862-1865. |